67. ADVANTAGES OF ACCESS CARDS

A common proximity format is 26 bit Wiegand. This format uses a facility code also called a site code. The facility code is unique number common to all of the cards in a particular set. The idea is an organization has their own facility code and then numbered cards incrementing from 1. Another organization has a different facility code and their card set also increments from 1. Thus different organizations can have card sets with the same card numbers but since the facility codes differ, the cards only work at one organization.


This idea worked fine for a while but there is no governing body controlling card numbers, different manufacturers can supply cards with identical facility codes and identical card numbers to different organizations. Thus there is a problem of duplicate cards. To counteract this problem some manufacturers have created formats beyond 26 bit Wiegand that they control and issue to an organization.In the 26 bit Wiegand format bit 1 is an even parity bit. Bits 2-9 are a facility code. Bits 10-25 are the card number. Bit 26 is an odd parity bit.


Other formats have a similar structure of leading facility code followed by card number and including parity bits for error checking.Smart cards can be used to counteract the problems of transmitting card numbers in the clear and control of the card numbers by manufacturers. Smart cards can be encoded by organizations with unique numbers and the communication between card and reader can be encrypted.


The integrated circuit outputs the card number to the coil which transmits it to the reader. The transmission of the card number happens in the clear -- it is not encrypted. With basic understanding of radio technology and of card formats, Wiegand proximity cards can be hacked. The integrated circuit outputs the card number to the coil which transmits it to the reader. The transmission of the card number happens in the clear -- it is not encrypted. With basic understanding of radio technology and of card formats, Wiegand proximity cards can be hacked.